three strikes law is a strict mandatory life sentence

three strikes law is a strict mandatory life sentence These crimes include murder, robbery in which a deadly weapon was used, rape, or burglary. Differing opinions suggest that three strikes law is unfair and unjust because the law excessively affects African American and Latino men who have a higher representation throughout the criminal justice system. Others suggest that the three strikes law violates the Eighth Amendment of the Bill of Rights; because the law is unjust when convicted of a minor offense still count as a strike. I believe the three strikes law deters crime and future criminal behavior because it assembles the thought of facing tough consequences. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The three strikes law can be best understood within the neoclassical theoretical framework. The theoretical framework is a direct approach to policy making for the prevention and control of crime. It focuses on policies rather than crime causation and less concerned with finding causes of crime, along with finding what deters future criminal behavior. The neoclassical theoretical framework can be coupled with the specific and general deterrence theory. The specific deterrence theory emphasizes a point on the individual itself. The theory explains the discouragement of criminal behavior from future criminal acts by understanding the consequences. General deterrence theory concentrates on the prevention of crime by forging examples of distinguish criminal behavior. It exercises the public view to deter other individuals from committing the same crime. The experience is use to restrain others from perpetrating the same criminal acts. Schafers Argument: 3 Strikes as Deterrence The concept of deterrence is divided into two categories: general deterrence and specific. General deterrence takes place when potential offenders identify the consequences of other peoples actions and decide not to follow into their footsteps. Specific deterrence is triggered when offenders learn from their past. Schafer believes the three strikes laws often are seen as the answer to crime problems in America because it reduces crime either by throwing offenders in jail or deterring potential offenders from committing crimes. (p311) Schafer argues that three strikes law is an effective crime control policy that deters youthful offenders from becoming repeat offenders. In California, statistical evidence is provided by how crime has dropped 26.0 percent since 1994. (p 312) He then proceeds to contend on how juvenile offenders are more likely to be violent throughout their generation. The data he claims suggest that a small number of young offenders commit numerous unpunished crimes because the courts, especially the juvenile justice system, provide the offenders with countless second chances. The three strikes law would reinforce the motivation to change their criminal behavior because the juvenile justice systems do little to rehabilitate or deter young offenders from crime. (p 313) Schafer reinforces his argument by conducting a survey to measures the offenders experiences with the consequences of their crimes. The result of the survey concluded that, 61 percent of the offenders said they would not or probably would not commit a serious or violent crime if they knew their prison sentence would be doubled and 70 percent said that would not or probably would not commit the crime if they knew they would receive life in prison. (p 314) His survey demonstrated a deterrent effect from the root of the source. To conclude Schafers argument, he proved that offenders, who have repeated experiences with the criminal justice system, have learned through their consequences, and the rewards of the criminal act do not outweigh the consequences. Vitiellos Argument: 3 Strikes is not a Deterrent to Violent Crime Vitiello argues that three strikes law have no effect in reducing serious crime and the cost of the law is not beneficial to our society. Vitiello explains three strikes supporters argument is based on empirical data that defines the efficiency of the law. The efficiency of the law is supported by data that does not have a connection with the three strikes law. Reports from California prove that prior to the three strikes law, crime was already declining and after the three strikes, there were no drastic change in crime. Vitiello furthermore argues that when law makers were trying to measure the three strikes deterrent effect, they failed to find a marginal deterrent effect. There was a small change, but there was no significant explanation on the decline in the crime rate. The law itself is not helpful to the criminal justice system. Vitiello compared Californias and the nations crime rate average. He proved that Sectary of State Jones position on how California exceeding the declin e in crime nationwide, cuts both ways was false. The example given was that New Yorks policing polices had problems with crime during the 1990s, but it did not adapted the three strikes law; however, New York, had a higher decline in crime than California. Vitiello also reference the authors of Punishment and Democracy to support his position. The authors of Punishment and Democracy found that the decline in crime rate followed by the three strikes was not the cause of the decline, but the authors found that the decline in the crime rate preceded passage of the law. Even when the law was passed, there was not dramatic change because the crime rate stayed the same. The cause of the crime rate to be neutral was the decline that was operating prior to the passage of the law continued to be the primary reason for the drop in crime rates. Therefore, the three strikes play no role in the decline in crime rate. Overall, Vitiellos argument is based on empirical studies. His research found t hat California would have experience virtually the entire drop in crime without three strikes. ANAYLSIS: Schafers position on the three strikes law deters repeat offenders. Based on his studies, the evidence he provides concludes a convincing argument. Schafer explains how the concept of deterrence reflects on offenders and repeat offenders. Following by his survey, the results created a solid foundation for his argument. The whole idea of general deterrence is very effective. People are likely to commit a crime when the opportunity arises. If the consequence is tough they will be afraid to commit the crime. The creation of three strikes law is to put the fear in peoples mind to make them think twice about violating the law. All it takes a single thought about if its worth it or not. I see the specific deterrence theory as a way to deter repeat offenders. The three strikes helps fix the criminal justice system by putting those who choose to become repeat offenders to stay in jail. Most crimes today are from repeat offenders. From the Bureau of Justice Statistic Special Report, A 2002 st udy survey showed that among nearly 275,000 prisoners released in 1994, 67.5% were rearrested within 3 years, and 51.8% were back in prison. Explaining how more of our prisoners that get convicted are more likely to go back in prison. This is where the three strikes law takes place. We created a barrier for those offenders to think about what they are doing. We make them think about if its worth twenty five years to life. Another effective reason why three strikes is effective is because it targets repeat offenders who fail to change their criminal behavior after the second time. The mandatory twenty five years to life for third time offenders will put them away for a long time and it also keep them off the streets. This type of get tough law has done its part on reducing the crime rate throughout the nation. It serves as a deterrent and its the best weapon we got against repeat offenders. From Analysis of the California Attorney Generals Report, the drop in the crime rate that California has experiences since 1993 is drastically different from the first four year of 1990-1993 where the overall crime rate dropped only 2.4% and the violent crime rate increased 7.3%. When the three strikes law took effect, the crime rate dropped drastically to about 5 %. Some may argue that crime was reducing before the three strikes law. Data shows that crime was dropping before the law was passing, but when the law di d pass, it drastically declined boosting the drop further. Moreover, crime can be seen as a rational choice theory. The theory proposes that offenders measure the opportunities, cost, and benefits of particular crimes. (Hagan.2010. p 101) Hagan referenced Cornish and Clarkes (1986) rational choice theory by explaining how crime is a matter of situational choice and we need to increase the certainty and the severity of the punishment to exclude the temptation and the choice of criminal activity. Therefore, the three strikes law plays that role of decreasing the situational choice, so that crime cannot happen. The cost and benefit of the crime does not equal the punishment. In results, offenders are more likely to disregard criminal behavior because the three strikes law decreases the motivation to commit a crime. CONCLUSION: The three strikes law is used as deterrence. Many argue that its a waste of governments money. Some argue that its the best tool we got against repeat offenders. I personally feel that its the only defense we got against repeat offenders. The theory behind the law supports why the law would work. This law is based on human behavior. The human behavior based on learning from experience and making sure that experience was enough to deter the offender from committing the same act. The three strikes law revolves around the Neoclassical Theory and it deters repeat offenders.

Computer mouse Essay

It is found that repetitive movement by the wrist and arm, which occurs when using a computer mouse, can cause physical injury to the body parts involved. There has been an attempt from injured workers and their representatives, such as OSHA, to pass legislation requiring employers to develop programs that prevent these injuries. The workers are simply saying that the employers are responsible for these injuries. However, it is well known that most of these employees own personal computers and use them daily outside of work, making it difficult to determine where the injuries first occurred. The government should not establish standards of computer use. Individual employers should be allowed the right to establish special preventative programs if they see fit. However, in a world where people are using computers in all aspects of their lives, it is unreasonable for the government to hold only employers responsible for these injuries. Employers who truly care about their employees might not take full responsibility for this problem, but might still decide to implement programs to prevent losing exceptional workers. The responsibility falls more on the injured person than anyone else. The computer mouse is an accessory that causes much of these injuries, and ergonomic companies have created versions of the mouse to reduce and prevent these injuries. Workers who feel they are at risk for these injuries should be using these specifically designed tools in the workplace. If they are not using these special tools, then no one but himself or herself can be held responsible. Overall, it is the worker’s responsibility to maintain a level of personal safety in the workplace. The employer can provide a certain level of safety, however when it comes to detailed person decisions like what type of computer mouse to use, then it is ultimately the worker’s responsibility. Forcing all employers to develop preventative programs is unreasonable and expensive. Employers should have the choice to develop these programs, just as worker’s have the choice to work for their specific employer or not. Issue 6. 4 The concept of Internet wearables is an amazing one. Being able to access the Internet quickly through a pair of glasses is extraordinary. With all of their glitz and glamour however, Internet wearables do have their downsides. Overall, Internet wearables could allow certain individuals the information they need in a more timely and efficient manner, making them more productive. However, unless you are James Bond, it is unclear who exactly might benefit the most from this innovation. Internet wearables have the potential to be more of a hazard than a helper. Everyone is annoyed by drivers who are constantly making poor driving decisions due to their cell phone use while driving. Imagine someone trying to drive while also navigating his or her Internet wearable glasses. It is a crisis waiting to happen. The problem with these inventions is that most people will choose not to use them responsibly. It is not that people are born irresponsible; it is simply that they are easily distracted and have more confidence in their abilities to do a million things at one time than they should. Humans sometimes have faith that they can look away from the road for a few seconds and usually nothing bad will happen. There are even drivers who read the paper while driving, propping it up against the steering wheel. However, there are a few people who might benefit from these outrageous gadgets. Investigators or police officials might benefit greatly from these gadgets. Although most police cars have Internet access in their cabs, imagine them being able to be chasing a suspect on foot and access the Internet at the same time. These devices could in fact help the police fight crimes more effectively and efficiently. It could be incredible. Other people who may benefit from these devices are students. Students could access materials they need during class without even leaving their seats. The downside to this is students could also use these as negative devices to cheat as well. However, more than likely professors would rather not deal with the possibility of cheaters and prohibit these devices during tests and other exams. These devices would no doubt be a huge hit in places where people needed to access the Internet, but there was no physical space for a desktop computer. They would allow people in small spaces to get the information they needed. Internet wearables probably won’t break big on the scene for many years. Until there is more of a real need for this item, people will not be drawn to use them on an everyday basis. If and when they do become an enormous hit, there is no doubt there will be laws governing public use soon after. These laws may seem unreasonable to those who want to use their wearables wherever and whenever they choose, but since public safety is involved, the government will need to be involved in some way or another. Issue 7. 3 Copying CDs is a popular way for people to get the music they want without having to pay for the CDs. The music industry and some major artists are furious over this, with the reason being obvious. When one person copies a CD instead of buying the CD at the store, the music industry loses money. The music industry is concerned that soon they will lose almost their entire market, with just a few people buying their CDs and the rest of the market copying from the few purchasers. Many of the â€Å"CD stealers† get their music from the web; bringing up the question of whether or not it is ethical to download music from the web to burn on a personal CD. Anytime you take something from someone without paying for it, or without their permission, your actions are unethical. It is apparent that the music industry and artists are not giving permission for these actions, and the government is taking their side against it. Multiple lawsuits have been filed over the past few years targeting those who are illegally downloading music from the Internet. These cases have involved adults as well as minors. Many of the downloaders were not aware of their offense, however the publicity of these cases has left it next to impossible for downloaders to be oblivious to what they are doing. This being said, it is still up in the air of whether after the person purchases a CD if it is ethical for them to copy the CD for their own use. Many times someone will want one copy for their home and another copy for their vehicle. Having two copies would save them from transporting the CD to each location. Again, if the laws are read loosely, as long as the person purchased the CD they should be able to use it at their discretion. However, the music industry loses the potential money from patrons who would have bought more than one copy for themselves. If the person were to make a copy for someone else from their purchased CD however, it would be unethical, as the other person should buy their own copy. Recording companies should indeed be able to use special programs to prohibit copying of their CDs. However, they must realize that there will always be someone who can get around the yellow tape. That being states, with musicians and actors being paid disgusting salaries it makes one wonder why they even care if a few people are not contributing to their unnecessarily high income. Some production companies are already using programming to prohibit copying, however hacker software companies have already created programs to get around the production companies attempts. Overall, people should definitely refrain from copying CDs or downloading music without permission. The practice of taking something without permission will always be unethical and that fact clearly pertains to this scenario.

George W. Bush During Afghanistan’s War on Terror Political Analysis

ALFONSO OTERO MIRELES 938394 FOREING POLICY George W. Bush during Afghanistan’s War on Terror POLITICAL ANALYSIS BASED ON DONNA H. KERR The term War on Terror refers to an ongoing, worldwide campaign against terrorism led by the United States and supported by several other countries, most notoriously England and members of NATO. The term was first used under George W. Bush’s administration following the September 11, 2001 attacks against the United States, where 2996 people lost their lives and more than 6000 others were injured.Within months after the 9/11 attacks, the US sent troops to Afghanistan because this was believed to be the operational base for Al-Qaeda, at the same time the US looked to dethrone the Taliban regime and ‘’Bring Democracy’’ to this middle eastern country. Two years after the occupation, and without yet finding Bin Laden, the US embarks in yet another military invasion, this time against Iraq. This War on Terror has be en worldwide known as the Bush War, due to his effusive support and controversy.The implementing agent during Afghanistan’s war is without a doubt the Bush administration, they are the ones who started it, developed it and spent the most money on implementing the war. The authorizing agent in this situation would arguably be the United Nations because According to the UN’s rules, The US had to get approval from the UN’s Security Council in order to go ahead with the wars. In the case of Afghanistan, the UN accepted the occupancy, backing up their decision with the consent of most members plus an official report that stated that around 70% of deaths in this country were caused by the Taliban regime.The Conditional Imperative was the danger that Middle-Eastern Terrorist groups represent for the United States and the world and how nobody, not even the United States was safe from another possible attack. The recurring conditions of post-traumatic fear and terrorism fobia became a part of the everyday life of the average North American; the constant news reports on violence in some Middle Eastern countries was also a condition that needed to be ‘’fixed’’ by the US’s democracy Since its start the United States has maintained itself stable in ll of his policies regarding Afghanistan, they have indeed substituted policies in Iraq (after leaving the country) but as to Afghanistan they have only talked and promised to change it, but up until this day there has been not a notorious substitution of policies. All important declaration were made publicly, virtually everyone in the world was aware of the US’s decision of invading Afghanistan, and most of Bush’s declarations towards the topic.Of course the relevant public in this case would be the US’s government and population, the UK’s government and population and any other country that supported or was against the war, also the United Natio ns council and of course and Afghanistan’s entire population and ruling powers. GEORGE W. BUSH PERFORMANCE DURING IRAQ’s WAR Bush’s administration decided to go ahead and send troops to Iraq in 2003. With a similar approach as in Afghanistan, the occupation was led by George W.Bush and supported mainly by the UK. The main reasons where the belief that the Iraqi government was harboring weapons of mass destruction and some claims that linked Iraqi officials with terrorist group A-Qaeda. The lack of evidence of this weapons and the high costs of the two wars during times of economic instabilities led to an avalanche of national and international criticism and lack of support for the Bush administration, even though no consistent proof was (or has up to this day) been presented, George W.Bush won the following reelections and the North American troops remained officially in Iraq’s soil until December 2011. The military prescience of the US still remains in A fghanistan up-until this day. Bush’s administration main goals and objectives was primarily finding this infamous Weapons of Mass destruction, hunt down and get rid of all officials linked to Al-Qaeda, this included the nation’s leader Sadaam Hussein, who aside from being accused of crimes against humanity he was also believed to be linked to Al-Qaeda an of course to ‘’Bring Democracy’’ to this country.The UN gave Iraq one last opportunity through the resolution 1441 to come clean about the weapons of mass destruction. Iraq allowed inspectors to go and search for them. The United States blamed Iraq’s government of not being cooperative, and went ahead and used the force even though the resolution didn’t authorize the use of force even if they had been found. This is when he first option for Bush comes, he could’ve easily gone the other way and simply acccept the fact that there may not have been any secret weapons in the first place and not does anything relevant in Iraq, including not removing Sadam Hussein from power. A second option could have been accepting the UN’s statement of not using the force, admitting that there isn’t enough proof of the harboring of weapons but still destitute Hussein from power, and install a US hosted presidency.The third option would be also to dethrone Hussein, stop looking for weapons but stop not installing a US government overseas and simply let the Iraqi people decide for themselves. If Bush simply retracted from all accusations against Iraq, sent the troops back and not do anything against Hussein, there would’ve been an initial reaction of public opinion concerning mainly on Bush’s indecision and lack of consistent information. It would be hard to simply accept they were wrong and just leave.Moneywise, the costs of sending troops would still affect the economy but not as much as it did in reality, of course depending on when the dec ision would’ve been made. Supposing that Bush had accepted its wrongful information referring weapons of mass destruction, decided to leave the country, but not without restituting Hussein, I guess public opinion would judge this decision harsh, he would still increase public debt paying for the time of the troops in Iraq, but would maintain a high influence on this country by imposing its US funded government.I think in a utopian world, Bush should have gone with decision number 3, which meant the same as option two but without imposing its own ‘’democratic’’ government, this would appear as if the country was acting upon mere sympathy, a situation not common at all when it involves the US and wars. The Iraqi people could choose whatever form of government they wanted, which for me I think it sounds fair, it shouldn’t be up to the superpowers decide who will rule over weaker countries, but on the other hand I would suppose violence would inc rease, division and the local hunt for power could bring a mess of a consequence.Other countries and organizations including peace corps and the UN could also help out control the mayhem. Many theories surrounding the veracity of this accusations and the lack of overall evidence that backed up the US’s actions led to questioning over the real goals for George W. Bush in Iraq. Public opposition claimed that Bush was looking only in Iraq for oil and more power. Accoring to author John Harold Chapman of UK’s newspaper, the whole purpose behind the war was the hunt for oil and that the economic situation upon which the United States was going through justifies this answer.In his own words: Control over Iraqi oil should improve security of supplies to the US, and possibly the UK, with the development and exploration contracts between Saddam and China, France, India, Indonesia and Russia being set aside in favour of US and possibly British companies. And a US military presen ce in Iraq is an insurance policy against any extremists in Iran and Saudi Arabia. The prisoners dilemma represent BUSH on one hand with two options, whether to admit the lack of proof refereeing to weapons of mass destructions in Iraq, and on the other hand the percentage of his political party that supports him.Which in a way are pretending not to know about the lack of evidence and in a way ‘’hope for the other prisoner to be quiet. All assumptions are based on the hypothetically situation in which both know the weapons are a lie. 1)In one paragraph, describe and analyze the leader’s use of â€Å"cognitive shortcuts† and experience with â€Å"cognitive dissonance. † For example, the policy and culture of the Bush administration was one of war expansion, regardless of fact. They sought war and when confronted with conflicting evidence and faulty intelligence on Saddam Hussein, they went ahead and invaded anyway.Minimum paragraphs: 1 Minimum source s: 1 (excluding Neack) As to cognitive dissonance and Bush, I would say it’s a trick that he has played to the US government, he can go and invade a foreign country, in the case of Iraq, knowing that there isn’t enough proof to go and invade, both a big number or Iraqui civilians and US soldiers will lose their lives, public debt will increase, the already unstable economy will get directly affected but at the end, he uses this psychological tool to exclude and not metion the downside of going to war and just promising democracy for the needy, a ‘’greater good’’.Hurrican Katrin is also a good example of the hand-picking selection of information provided to the public regarding the delay of the help post-hurricane. Both appointments occurred under President Bush, who in 2001 also appointed two other civilians, James Roche (General Motors) and Thomas E. White (Enron), to head the Air Force and Army. William D. Hartung, Head of the Arms Trade Re source Center, challenged the appointments because he felt it was unethical to appoint businessmenwhose former companies would be the prime beneficiaries of increases in defense spending.Hartung further noted that at no time in recent history had military appointments been made from the civilian sector. With the use of cognitive shortcuts, Bush’s administration has been dealing with the big percentage of public discontent, providing only certain information that could be relevant in some cases, for example during the aftermath of hurricane Katrina, he never gave a real reason why there was a significant delay of help provided by the government, but instead he only focused on informing how much the delayed help forces helped once they arrived there.Iraq would still be the best example, by the big amoung of congnotive shortcuts used to cover the lack of information regarding Al-Qaeda’s connection to Iraq and evidently about the weapons. Comments: Good job, but you missed the Bureaucratic Model section! Some of your bibliography formatting was not correct. Grade: B+ Kerr, D. (1976). The logic of ‘policy† and successful policies. Policy Sciences, 7(3), 351-363. Neack, L. (2008). The new foreign policy: Power seeking in a globalized era. (Second ed. . Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Breuning, M. (2007). Foreign policy analysis: A comparative introduction. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. ARTICLE UN – TALIBAN 70% DEATHS http://articles. cnn. com/2011-12-15/middleeast/world_meast_iraq-us-ceremony_1_iraq-war-iraq-body-count-iraqis-struggle? _s=PM:MIDDLEEAST UN RESOLUTION 1441 http://www. undemocracy. com/securitycouncil/meeting_4644#pg010-bk01 JOHN HARROLD CHAPMAN, http://www. guardian. co. uk/world/2004/jul/28/iraq. usa

Child s Academic Performance, Skills, And Abilities

child’s academic performance, skills, and abilities will contribute to piece a treatment plan to help the child succeed in school. Using assessment and evaluation is an ongoing process that measures any change in the student. Continuous monitoring will occur in order to make revisions of the student’s goals. Assessment and evaluation are an intervention to assure that no child falls behind from their peers. With the help of the school, professionals, and the parents, the child has the opportunity to overcome the challenges in learning. The video published by the Johnson Center is focused in educating parents in becoming advocates for their child. Parents are the primary caregivuide to Assessment Part 2: Putting Results into Motion, March 19th 2013 [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5eT8_QFJ0vI The second part on the parent’s guide on assessment and evaluation of the child, covers reviewing and understanding the scores and test results of a report. Each part of a report creates a â€Å"big picture† of the student. The student’s skills and behaviors observed through the assessment and evaluation will help make the recommendations for additional services. Assessment and evaluations help achieve the best outcomes in diagnoses, interventions, and treatment. Comparing old results to new results helps to observe the changes and progress the student has made. The Johnson Center educates the parents in the process of assessment and evaluation on the child.Show MoreRelatedStandard Based Grading And Academic Achievement Among Students With Individual Education Plan1700 Words   |  7 PagesStandard Based Grading and Academic Achievement among students with Individual Education Plans Nesha Sanders University of the Cumberlands Chapter One: Introduction This study will describe how standard based grading can affect academic achievement in students that have an Individual Education Plan (IEP). 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